TNF and COVID-19: Severe cases of COVID-19 are reported to have increased plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins (IL-6 and IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)1α (Yuki et al., 2020).