Notably, the latter impairment is a major pathological feature of PD induced by familial PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), alpha-synuclein (SNCA) and Daisuke-Junko-1 (DJ-1) gene mutations or the toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)3. The gene discussed is PINK1; the disease is Parkinson disease.