Expression of kDNA further confirmed the result that LdGS(−/−) parasites had low infection rate, in vivo, as evidenced from the significantly reduced expression of Leishmania-kDNA in LdGS(−/−) infected animals in comparison to LdGS(+/+) at both 15 days and 30 days post infection against normalized equal expression of Mφ-GAPDH (Figure 3E). This evidence concerns the gene GAPDH and infection.