INS and hyperinsulinism: The first of these, fetal hyperinsulinemia, by lowering fetal glycemia increases the concentration gradient of glucose across the placenta, influencing the glucose flux from mother to fetus and reducing maternal glucose levels (35); then, post-prandial glucose control is impaired by slower glucose disposal (36) and slower insulin absorption as pregnancy advances (37); lastly, physical activity can have an impact on both weight gain and insulin requirements (38, 39)