During PCa bone metastasis, TGF-β acts on tumor cells to induce the secretion of paracrine signaling molecules to support their survival and growth; and some of them are osteolytic factors (e.g., PTHrP, IL-11, VEGF, and MMPs) that cause osteolytic resorption15–19. Here, TGFB1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.