When TGF-β signaling was blocked by SD-208, an effective inhibitor of TGF-β receptor I, subcutaneous tumor growth was promoted (DU 145 cells, Supplementary Fig. 1a–c) or unaffected (PC-3 cells, Supplementary Fig. 1d–f), while tibial tumor growth was suppressed in both DU 145 and PC-3 cell lines (Supplementary Fig. 1g–i). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.