In addition, a small proportion of localized human PCa tissues or visceral metastases expressed Ac-KLF5 but the majority of bone metastases did (Fig. 9a, b), which parallels with lower levels of TGF-β and Ac-KLF5 in subcutaneous tumors and higher levels of TGF-β15,62 and Ac-KLF5 in tibial tumors (Fig. 1a–f), and TGF-β induces the acetylation of KLF538–40. Here, KLF5 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.