Moreover, after removing individuals with genital inflammation from the analysis, 11 of the biomarkers remained significantly higher in the pre-infection group compared to the uninfected group (Fractalkine, GMCSF, ITAC, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-21, MIP-1α, MIP-3α, and TNFα) (Fig. 3). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.