Furthermore, VVV has been related with central sympathetic overactivity, variations in renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system stimulation, adverse alterations in cardiac structure or function (i.e., left ventricular dysfunction, atrial fibrillation), as well as vascular target organ damage (i.e., carotid atherosclerosis and stiffness) in adults [12, 33] and the elderly [34]. This evidence concerns the gene REN and carotid atherosclerosis.