Limitations of this work include not screening for C-peptide or autoantibodies and therefore we cannot rule out the possibility of a T1D misdiagnosis [i.e. maturity on the basis of classical presentation (including primary osmotic symptoms, weight loss, hyperglycaemia, ketosis, insulin initiation at diagnosis)], and our relatively limited sample consisting of relatively young well-controlled patients. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.