PPARA and Insulin resistance: In summary, some studies reported that coffee and its bioactive compounds (like caffeic acid, trigonelline, and caffeine) could be beneficial for NAFLD prevention through improving hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, gut permeability, and autophagy (Table 1), with regulating phosphorylation of mTOR and the expression of PPAR-α/γ, SREBP-1c, and TLR4, as well as activating the SIRT3-AMPK-ACC signaling pathway (Figure 2).