TNF and Alzheimer disease: Our results confirmed that BM25 can significantly reduce the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, COX-2, Aβ, and p-Tau and improve spatial memory, suggesting that BM25 may improve AD-like symptoms by inhibiting the activation of microglia, reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and altering Aβ and p-Tau expression and clearance in brain tissue.