HMGCR and renal carcinoma: According to previous studies, gp78 (also known as autocrine motility factor receptor [AMFR]), TRC8 (translocation in renal carcinoma chromosome 8) and MARCH6 (membrane-associated RING-CH-type finger 6) are E3 ubiquitin ligases located in ER, which promotes the HMGCR degradation in hepatocytes, and gp78 plays a major role among them21–23.