TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: In contrast, neutrophils from peripheral blood of RA patients were not affected by S100A11 in terms of the secretion of IL-6 (0.31 (0.25–0.38) vs. 0.29 (0.26–0.35) pg/ml; p = NS), TNF (0.36 (0.14–0.42) vs. 0.33 (0.23–0.47) pg/ml; p = NS) or IL-1β (0.20 (0.07–0.44) vs. 0.19 (0.08–0.40) pg/ml; p = NS) (Fig. 5c).