The mechanisms of these effects are unknown, though studies in non-cardiac cells showed that CT affected ion fluxes (e.g. neuronal Ca2+-currents,212 kidney Ca2+-channels and NCX213 and, intracellular Ca2+214,215 and implicated in AF pathogenesis216 mitochondrial Ca2+ influx,217 in CT-secreting cells) and channel expression (e.g. neuronal NaV1.3, NaV1.8, and NaV1.9218). Here, CALCA is linked to atrial fibrillation.