GM-CSF is known to orchestrate the activity of various innate immune cells including dendritic cells38 and macrophages38, and single-cell RNA-seq data confirms that NR3C1 is co-expressed with both the alpha and beta subunits of the GM-CSF receptor (CSF2RA and CSF2Rb) in several macrophage populations from the BALF of COVID-19 patients (Fig. 7C). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and COVID-19.