Because the foregoing studies involved whole-body knockout of PPM1K and/or administration of a small molecule inhibitor of the BCKDH kinase (BDK), 3,6-dichlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (BT2)14, which serves to activate BCKDH in all tissues, the impact of specific alteration of cardiac BCAA metabolism on cardiovascular disease phenotypes remains to be defined. Here, PPM1K is linked to cardiovascular disorder.