The results of chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell (CAR T-cell) therapy in CLL were underwhelming after the initial enthusiasm surrounding it89, and no CAR T-cell product is approved at present for patients with CLL; however, data presented at the 2020 ASH annual meeting on the investigational CD19-directed CAR T-cell product lisocabtagene maraleucel (liso-cel) appear promising, with a best ORR of 82% (CR/CRi in 45%) and rapid clearance of both blood and marrow MRD in most patients90. Here, CD19 is linked to B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.