Importantly, TGF-β1 further stimulates TGF-β1 release from DCs in an autocrine manner, serving as a major source of TGF-β1 in the tissue biopsies from stage IV–V CKD patients (133, 134) and suppressing inflammatory cytokines (IL-12, IL-18) production in DCs (135, 136). Here, TGFB1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.