SMAD3 and Ureteral obstruction: Smad3 inhibition or genetic deletion suppressed MMT in mouse models of chronic Renal Allograft Injury (178), unilateral ureteric obstruction (164), contributed 50–60% reduction of myofibroblast population, and suppressed macrophage infiltration in type 2 diabetic nephropathy (179), thus contributing to the protective effect of Smad3 targeted therapy.