TGFB1 and lupus nephritis: BAFF is a key cytokine regulating B-cells activity, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and immunoglobulin secretion; excessive BAFF would suppress B-cell development resulting in autoantibodies production in IgA nephropathy and Lupus nephritis (83, 84, 88) Taken together, TGF-β1 suppress B lymphocytes development in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases via both direct and indirect mechanisms.