However, more studies are clearly needed to: (i) define the perturbations in gut microbiota that affect IL-1β production after CDI; (ii) identify the bone marrow cells that respond to this cytokine to promote CXCR2 induction; and (iii) examine the role of post-transcriptional modifications (i.e. receptor internalization/recycling and surface shedding) by which IL-1β enhances CXCR2 expression. Here, CXCR2 is linked to clostridium difficile infection.