Dysbiosis is central in CDI pathogenesis and gut microbiota clearly regulates both CDI-induced IL-1β generation and bone marrow neutrophil CXCR2 expression (Hasegawa et al., 2012; Deshmukh et al., 2014; Watanabe et al., 2017; Jose et al., 2018a). Here, IL1B is linked to clostridium difficile infection.