In pancreatic cancer (18), the intrinsic TGF-β signaling of tumor cells drives the upregulation of EPHA2 on cell surface, which promotes the overexpression of PTGS2. In vivo study, researchers inoculated control and Ptgs2-knockdown (Ptgs2-KD) cells into immunocompetent mice, with or without CD4+ and CD8+ T cell depletion, resulting in a higher rate of tumor formation in control cells. Here, PTGS2 is linked to neoplasm.