TNF and breast neoplasm: The signaling pathways contributing to tumor angiogenesis include those involving the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, TGF-β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), αvβ3 integrins, Eph-B4/ephrinB2, VE-cadherin, plasminogen activator/plasmin, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and three UTRs of CYP4Z2P and CYP4Z1-3′UTR pseudogenes, which promote breast tumor angiogenesis by isolating miRNAs, including miR-211, miR-125a-3p, miR-197, miR-1226, as well as miR-204.