PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and atezolizumab, prolonged overall survival (OS) compared with chemotherapy in patients with previously treated advanced NSCLC based on the results of Keynote-010 (1), CheckMate 017/057 (2, 3) and OAK studies (4). Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.