Although there have been no reports on the association of IRF4 and ESR2, infiltrating T-cells were reported to promote bladder cancer metastasis by regulation of the ESR2/c-MET or ESR2/IL-1/c-MET signaling pathways (64), whereas the secretion of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were correlated with Esr2 gene dose responses (65), suggesting that both IRF4 and ESR2 might influence the immune response. The gene discussed is IRF4; the disease is urinary bladder carcinoma.