HPCAL4 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): We performed differential analysis of the transcriptome expression data between LGGs and GBMs from 320 cases of astrocytoma in TCGA datasets, and found that among the 11 core genes selected above, 10 genes: GABRD, KCNA1, SYT1, CACNG3, OPALIN, CD163, HPCAL4, ANK3, KIF5A, and MS4A6A were differentially expressed (Supplemental Figure 2A).