Thus, to further explore the effects of Smurf2 sumoylation on the progression of human breast cancer, these researchers identified that this PIAS3-sumoylated Smurf2 axis also functions as a suppressor of TGF-β signaling in human breast cancer cell-derived organoids, impairing TGF-β-induced cell invasion and growth (96). This evidence concerns the gene PIAS3 and breast carcinoma.