CD28 and rheumatoid arthritis: Low levels of ROS lead to ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) deficiency, causing rapid T cell proliferation and differentiation toward Th1 and Th17 lineages (69, 91); however, in a study of inflammasomes in RA, naïve CD4+T cells from RA patients produced more ROS compared with those from healthy controls (93); this contradictory result may be attributable to measurement being conducted as early as 8 h after anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation, which is much earlier than the 3–6 day time points used in two other studies (69, 92).