TNF and congenital rubella syndrome: Cytokine profiles related to CRS comprise not only effector cytokines including interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-2, IL-6, and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) but also of cytokines secreted by monocytes and/or macrophages —IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IFN-γ, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) 1α (66, 67).