CSF2 and neoplasm: The Ad5/3-Δ24-GM-CSF could release granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) that activates macrophages, leading to stable disease or minimal responses in half of patients with metastatic solid cancers (7). Ad-TD-nsIL-12 virus could express non-secreted IL-12 and showed CD8+ T-cell dependent antitumor efficacy, resulting in remarkable tumor regression in immunocompetent Syrian Hamster models with pancreatic cancer (8).