Therefore, we compared H. pylori+ patients with gastric cancer or gastric ulcer (CA/GU-Hp+) with patients having milder clinical outcomes like non-ulcer dyspepsia or gastritis with H. pylori infection (NUD/GAS-Hp+), non-ulcer dyspepsia, or gastritis without H. pylori infection (NUD/GAS-Hp−) and gastroesophageal reflux disease without H. pylori infection (GERD-Hp−). The gene discussed is HP; the disease is gastric ulcer.