In addition, if vancomycin was administered to mice with colitis and treated with anti-CTLA-4, they had more severe manifestation of intestinal disease, while administration of a common probiotic with Bifidobacterium could alleviate symptoms, without a detrimental effect on antitumour immunity (Dubin et al., 2016; Panebianco et al., 2018). Here, CTLA4 is linked to colitis.