HMGB1 and retinal ischemia: Here, IL4-activated PPARγ inhibits NLRP3 protein levels in an NF-κB-dependent manner in High Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB-1)-stimulated astrocytes (124), while treatment with pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, ameliorates retinal ischemia/reperfusion-mediated inflammatory response by suppressing NLRP3 activation in an NF-κB-dependent manner (123) (Figure 1).