STAMBP and chromosome-type aberration frequency: Jo et al. (2001a) found that α-MSH treatment significantly attenuated CsA-induced apoptosis in cultured human tubular cells. In vivo in the rat model of CsA nephrotoxicity, Lee et al. (2004) demonstrated that α-MSH can mitigate the CsA-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis as well as tubular cell apoptosis.