TLR4 and Alzheimer disease: Studies in adult AIE-treated rats as well as in human AD and AUD find reductions of BFCNs and increased expression of proinflammatory neuroimmune signals, including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), and the endogenous TLR4/RAGE cytokine-like agonist high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) (Crews et al., 2013; Vetreno et al., 2013; Paudel et al., 2020).