For example, local chronic upregulation of microgliosis in AD mice ameliorated plaque pathology, and brain microgliosis induced by the peripheral administration of colony-stimulating factor led to the attenuation of Aβ plaque and improved learning and memory in AD mice (Shaftel et al., 2007; Boissonneault et al., 2009). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and Alzheimer disease.