Third, in the CSF there are higher levels of TNF-α (Mogi et al., 1994b; Delgado-Alvarado et al., 2017; Schröder et al., 2018; Iwaoka et al., 2020), IL-1β (Mogi et al., 1996b; Yu et al., 2014; Iwaoka et al., 2020), IL-6 (Mogi et al., 1996b; Schröder et al., 2018; Lian et al., 2019), and TGF-β (Mogi et al., 1995) in PD vs. controls. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and Parkinson disease.