Interestingly, we observed that supplementation of arginine markedly inhibited the SARS-CoV-2-induced proinflammatory cytokine release by PBMCs, most of which are linked to CRS including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, GM-CSF, G-CSF, and MIP-1α (Fig. 4b, Supplementary Fig. 9, and Supplementary Data 4). Here, CSF2 is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.