This included upon ectopic OX of the LRP1–IQSEC complex in cells with low endogenous levels (LRP1TM-GFP in 22Rv1, GFP-IQSEC1 v2 in DU145), HGF treatment of the mixed morphology DU145 cultures to resemble the spindle-type invasion of PC3 (Supplementary Fig. 9, S10), highly invasive human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), murine pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (PDAC; KC-PTEN, K-rasG12D/PTEN-null58) and patient-derived PDAC cells (TKCC-07) (Supplementary Fig. 10a, c–f). Here, PTEN is linked to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.