For example, the extent of tumor inflammation, as measured by the count of cancer cells within 80 μm of lymphocytes, as well as the density of lymphocytes in CT + CAS, was significantly selected during model fitting for both of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in pan-cancer and BRCA models (Fig. 6bi, ii and Supplementary Fig. 11i, ii). Here, PDCD1 is linked to cancer.