LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Obesity is a systemic and tissue-specific condition that can lead to chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, that produces an unregulated and persistent synthesis and secretion of chemokines and cytokines (Sapochnik et al., 2017; Varfolomeev & Vucic, 2018) by innate immune cells, and adipokines (e.g. leptin and lipocalin) from adipocytes (Garn et al., 2016; Kuroda & Sakaue, 2017).