MYC and cancer: Additionally, several studies show that the tumor suppressor p53, MYC oncogene, pyruvate kinase isozymes M2 (PKM2), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1(HIF1) regulate cancer metabolism and are involved in the prognosis of cancers (Denko, 2008; Dayton et al., 2016; Gomes et al., 2018; Khan et al., 2020).