Damage to tight junctions will causes increases in inflammation and oxidative stress (Zhang et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2012), and excessive inflammation can jeopardize insulin signaling pathways and fatty acid metabolism, subsequently aggravating insulin resistance and liver steatosis and ultimately exacerbating NAFLD (Tilg and Moschen, 2008; Leavens and Birnbaum, 2011). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.