In humans, pre-natal, childhood, and pubertal malnutrition perturb GnRH signaling in the HPG axis, and thereby contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome both within and across generations (Habtu et al., 1999; Painter et al., 2008; Jang et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene GNRH1 and metabolic syndrome.