Additionally, the levels of miR-192-5p are reduced in the duodenum of adults with CD, and are negatively correlated with the expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2) and nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) genes, which are involved in innate and adaptive immunity in Marsh 3C patients (Magni et al., 2014). Here, CXCL2 is linked to Cowden disease.