TNF and COVID-19: As a critical sign of COVID-19, neuroinflammation occurs through elevated levels of neuronal interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF), IFN-γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP1α), and T cell expression (Xu et al., 2005; Yarmohammadi et al., 2020).