TNF and Insulin resistance: Zhang and Frei (2015) reported that AS-IV could effectively inhibit LPS-induced acute inflammatory responses in different organs of rats by regulating TLR4/NF-κB, reducing TNF-α and IL-6 expression. Zhou et al. (2017b) demonstrated that AS-IV inhibited TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathways in intervening unilateral ureteral obstruction model mice and LPS-induced epithelial cells. Lv et al. (2010) reported that AS-IV could reduce glycogen phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate levels in the liver, reduce blood glucose and triglyceride levels, and improve insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic mice.