TNF and cardiac hypertrophy: Yang et al. (2013) reported that AS-IV could prevent isoproterenol-induced myocardial hypertrophy in rats by inhibiting the expression of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and its downstream inflammatory cytokines. Lu et al. (2015) reported that AS-IV could downregulate TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways and inhibit apoptosis, thus alleviatie myocardial injury in the rat model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Leng et al. (2018) reported that AS-IV could improve hyperglycemia-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction and reduce IL-6 and TNF-α levels by regulating TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways.