Notably, among other suppressive effects on the immune system, TGFβ has been shown to suppress the cytotoxic function of CD8+ T cells in cancer,24 and TGFβ inhibition has been shown to enhance tumor elimination by T cells.25 Thus, the efficacy of combined TGFβ blockade and IR in our model is likely a combination of direct effects on cancer cells and boosting of antitumor immunity. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.