Notably, irradiation (IR) is known to increase TGFβ expression in glioma.7 10 This provided a rationale to combine the TGFβ blocking therapy with localized IR to the tumor, and test it in parallel to the respective monotherapies (sTGFβRIIFc and IR) and a control group. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and central nervous system cancer.