Using the CIBERSORT algorithm, the results of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test suggested that the fractions of the T cells CD4 memory resting (P = 0.006) and T follicular helper cells (P = 0.023) in the VHD with AF samples were relatively smaller than those in the VHD with SR samples, and the fractions of plasma cells (P = 0.047), monocytes (P = 0.021), dendritic cells resting (P = 0.038), and neutrophils (P = 0.002) were relatively larger in the VHD with AF samples (Fig. 7c). The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is atrial fibrillation.