Although rod pathology has not been described in postmortem brain of HAND patients, perhaps because it requires non-standard procedures for their immunostaining [17, 22], persistent cofilin-actin rods have been observed during the progression of Alzheimer’s [4, 22, 98] and following ischemia [48, 49], correlating strongly with cognitive impairment [99, 100]. Here, CFL1 is linked to ischemia.