Of the 13 ALS patients’ spinal cords examined, most showed a substantial increase in the phosphorylation of PKCδ-505T when compared to non-ALS controls (Fig 5D and 5E, S7A Fig, and S1 Table), suggesting that activation of PKCδ in the spinal cord is a general feature in ALS patients. This evidence concerns the gene PRKCD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.