DPP4 and Insulin resistance: Oral administration of the DPP-4 inhibitor, linagliptin, caused an anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization with a dynamic M2 shift of macrophages within the adipose tissue of HFD-induced obese mice compared to non-treated obese mice, and this contributed to the attenuation of whole-body insulin resistance (Zhuge et al., 2016).