Considering the high prevalence of adverse prognostic features (such as 31% of patients had brain metastases, 48% of patients had elevated serum LDH, and 56% of patients’ ECOG grade were ≥1) and 54% of patients had previous anti-CTLA-4 therapy in the included patients, Menzies et al. (15) speculated that patients with a tendency toward autoimmunity might be more likely to benefit from anti-PD-1 therapy. Here, PDCD1 is linked to Autoimmunity.